CONSTRAINT ADVERB IN KALILEH AND DIMNA

Kalileh and Dimna is one of the most brilliant literary works of all time periods after its creation. It is a story that has written in a beautiful and impressive prose and includes stories that are expressed in the language of animals and at the heart of the stories, other stories are expressed that make sit even more beautiful and impressive. Kalileh and Dimna's text is a narrative text and to close the minds of the audience in terms of story concepts and desired events and describe the external and internal positions, the author was inevitably to use from a frequency of adverbs in various types and forms. Therefore, research in used adverbs and their classification can be helpful from the different ways. As an example it would be an appropriate way in Compilation of the historical order and on the other side, investigating adverb in an indicator and excellent literary work, such as Kalileh, for explaining the importance of adverb and its place in the sentence be useful and effectiveness. As a result, this showed that the frequency of adverbs and recognizing and introducing adverbs that are more used and important and indicator in Kalileh, it well shown the techniques and extraordinary skills of possess of Persian Kkalileh and Dimna to use adverbs and adverbial phrases versus equivalent words and phrases in Arabic text.


Introduction
Kelileh and Demneh is one of the great works of Persian literature that has occupied a special place among global brilliant literary works.This excellent book can be considered as an insightful literary work as well as a bright pearl in an endless sea of global literature in terms of premium literary features and semantics.Regarding the unrivaled stories and in-depth perspective of this book into the mysterious world of human beings through the symbolic language of animals, the charisma and charm of this literary work have increased a lot.Furthermore, the literary richness and spiritual depth of this book are high thereof.In this paper, there is not enough opportunity to discuss these features.However, it will be attempted to, as far as possible, discuss some syntactic features of this great literary work, especially the status of adverb (of manner) in the articulated sentences.Although there has been very little research in this domain, the authors are hopeful to adequately express what is needed.Furthermore, some recent linguistic and grammatical aspects of Kelileh and Demnehwill be presented to respectful audience.Adverb (of manner) is a word or group of words that add further explanation to the sentence.Furthermore, adverb is an element that can be removed from any given sentence in such a manner that no serious damage is afflicted upon sentences.For example, the underlined section is adverb: Collar bearing pigeon and the companions returned soundly (Monshi, 2009, p. 114).
There are diverse types of adverbs including adverb of manner, place, time, quality, quantity, emphasis.This paper discusses the application of diverse adverbs in Kelileh and Demneh.

Adverb of time
Adverb of time is a kind of adverb that addresses the time of occurrence of an action or verb.Like other types of adverbs, adverb of time can be easily removed from the sentence.There are many example of adverb of time in Kelileh and Demneh that are discussed below: They waited an hour for deer, but she did not come (ibid, p. 115) Regarding the above-mentioned sentences, the phrase "an hour" is an adverb of time.However, the following sentence includes an adverb of time formulated as a preposition (DAR means in) plus a demonstrative adjective (IN means this): At this time, the turtle appeared (ibid, p. 115)

Adverb of place
Adverb of place is a kind of adverb that addresses the location of occurrence of an action or verb.Like other types of adverbs, adverb of time can be easily removed from the sentence.There are many example of adverb of time in Kelileh and Demneh that are discussed below: He took his dead father on back and carried him to house (ibid, p. 118).
Regarding the above-mentioned sentence, two adverbs accompany the prepositions of BAR (on) and BEH (to).However, the following sentence includes an adverb of place plus an ambiguous adjective: There is a weasel overthere (ibid, p. 116)

Adverb of manner
Adverb of manner is a kind of adverb that addresses the manner of occurrence of an action or verb.Like other types of adverbs, adverb of time can be easily removed from the sentence.There are many example of adverb of time in Kelileh and Demneh that are discussed below: I was not a companion of house and lamely sat behind the door (ibid, p. 135) Regarding the above-mentioned sentence, "lamely" denotes the manner of an action.Thus, it can be removed from the sentence.

Adverb of quality
Adverb of time is a kind of adverb that addresses the quality of occurrence of an action or verb.Khayampour believes that: "Regarding the Arabic syntax, the adverb of quality is the same as absolute object that states the type of any given verb" (2002, p. 90).Compared to adverbs of time and place, there are fewer examples of adverb of quality in Kelileh and Demneh that are discussed below: Having heard these stories, the mouse quickly tore the rope (ibid, p. 122).Regarding the mentioned sentence, the word "quickly" denotes the quality and speed of cutting action.

Marked adverb
Some types of adverbs are marked including inserting a Nunation (Tanwin) at the end of some adverbs such as Zaheran (apparently) as well as adverbs that are accompanied by a prefix and denote the state or quality of actions such as "in seconds" and "in fact".Furthermore, there some types of adverbs that are formedvia the combination of preposition and noun in order to make an adverbial complement such as "on Monday" and "in Iran".The following section discusses the examples of marked adverbs in Kelileh and Demneh: However, some of his external moral behaviors are afflicted with obscenity (ibid, p. 121).
Regarding the above-mentioned sentence, a prefix plus a noun has made a marked adverb.However, the following sentence includes a preposition plus a noun in order to make an adverbial complement: He noticed the deer in cage (ibid, p. 131).
The following sentence includes a Nunated adverb that is very rare in Kelileh and Demneh: He could introduce the beauties, prestige and royal grandeur of Holy Imperial to Islamic societies scattered throughout the world (ibid, p. 14).

Unmarked adverb
Some adverbs are unmarked including absolute adverb, noun joint with the adverb and adjective joint with the adverb.Absolute adverbs are those words that are always adverbs in all sentences such as never, always, etc.Similarly, nouns joint with the adverb are those phrases in which the noun represents the adverb such as the role of "autumn" in the sentence "they were traveling in autumn".Regarding the adjectives joint with the adverb, the adjective represent the adverb such as "fine" in the sentence "he studies fine".There are many examples of two types of unmarked adverbs, namely absolute and adjective joint with the adverb, throughout Kelileh and Demneh.However, there are very few examples of noun joint with the adverb in this literary book.

The position of adverb
Like other components of sentence, adverb has its own position in sentences.Usually, the adverb is used after the subject and before the verb.However and due to semantics and writers' style, the position of adverb is altered.Accordingly, the adverb can occur in the beginning of sentences, before the subject or after the verb.The position of adverb is also varied in Kelileh and Demneh: Then, why should I think to this infidelity?(ibid, p. 136) Regarding the above-mentioned sentence, the adverb is placed in the beginning of the sentence and before the subject.The old man travelled from this mortal world to an eternal world while he was embossed with martyrdom, salvation and forgiveness (ibid, p. 118) Regarding the above-mentioned sentence, the adverb is placed after the verb.Furthermore, due to semantics and writers' style, the position of adverb is altered throughout Kelileh and Demneh.Adverb after subject: There are some cases in Kelileh and Demneh in which adverb is placed after the subject: Having heard this, the lion rested for a while(ibid, p. 125) Adverb after object: There are some cases in Kelileh and Demneh in which adverb is placed after the object: All these chaptershave been written chronologically (ibid, p. 155) Please accept me as your friend (ibid, p. 149) Adverb after complement: There are some cases in Kelileh and Demneh in which adverb is accompanied by preposition "BAR (on)": The birds suddenly shunned away from that action (ibid, p. 208) Adverb after adverb: There are some cases in Kelileh and Demneh in which adverb is placed after another adverb: Accordingly, both continued their path after the eremite (ibid, p. 215) Adverb after predicate: There are some cases in Kelileh and Demneh in which adverb is placed after the predicate: One should strive to attract more intimate and opt friends because this action has numerous advantages (ibid, p. 237) Adverb after verb: There are some cases in Kelileh and Demneh in which adverb is accompanied by a simple recitative adjective: This book, Kelileh and Demneh, has been compiled by Indian scientists and scholars which icludes all types of admonish, proverbs and practices (ibid, p. 38) Sometimes, due to subject ellipsis, the adverb is placed in the beginning of the sentences: Promptly, he prepared the desired item (ibid, p. 218) Adverb along with genitive absolute pronoun: Adverbs are accompanied by genitive absolute pronoun in some cases: His intimate friend had a yellow board in his hand in order to dedicate him (ibid, p. 39) Adverb along with genitive common pronoun: Adverbs are accompanied by genitive common pronoun in some cases: How do you threaten the sea? (110) Adverb along with several genitive nouns: Adverbs are accompanied by several genitive nouns in some cases: Wise prefer not to war when there are powerful, dominant, and authoritative (ibid, p. 115) Adverb along with complement: Adverbs are accompanied by a complement in some cases: He was going home hurriedly (ibid, p. 77)

Conclusion
Like the majority of literary works in the Persian language and literature, adverb has occupied a sublime status in Kelileh and Demneh.Just as the adverbcannot be separated from the structure of sentences, the importance of adverb cannot be overlooked throughout some great literary works including Kelileh and Demneh.Accordingly, the role of adverb is so lasting and profound.As we meditate on the structure of simple sentences of this book, the structural diversity of adverb within these sentences becomes evident.It can be even argue that no important characteristic is lost within the adverbs of Kelileh and Demneh.The simplest and most basic applications as well as the longest and most complex adverbs in the structure of sentences throughout Kelileh and Demneh are evident.However, several examples of various aspects of adverbs could be presented in the present paper.Unfortunately, the article became too long and no opportunity was available to present other examples and compare them with modern sentences as well as other great works of Persian literature.Hope to address the mentioned aspects of adverbs in another paper.